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Phenylpiracetam maleinhydrazid (PH) is a derivative of the nootropic and performance-enhancing drug Phenylpiracetam (Karfedon, Phenotropil, Fonturacetam). [1]
Phenylpiracetam is a synthetic racetam agent widely used as a smart drug to improve memory, stimulate the central nervous system (CNS), and improve overall cognition.
PH is the same 2-pyrrolidone-based molecule as phenylpiracetam, except instead of an amide group, it has a hydrazide group. [2]
An amide group has the general chemical formula CO-NH while a hydrazide group’s is a bit more complex.
The chemical formula of a hydrazide group is E(=O)-NR-NR2. Ve většině případů, the R’s are hydrogen (H) atoms.
The chemical formula of pure phenylpiracetam powder is C12H14N2O2.
Taking the amide group away and adding a hydrazide group to pure phenylpiracetam yields Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide: C12H15N3O2.
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Co je Phenylpiracetam?
Příbuzná témata
Phenylpiracetam is a member of the family of cognition-enhancing drugs called racetams. It was developed in Russia and observed to have positive effects on mental performance as well as resistance to physical stressors. [3]
Because of its ergogenic effects, this nootropic compound has been banned by WADA as a performance-enhancing drug. It has been used in the past by athletes due to its ability to improve athletic ability under stressors like cold temperatures.
Like all racetams, the phenylpiracetam molecule is a variation of the original racetam called Piracetam. Phenylpiracetam is phenylated: its molecule is piracetam with an added phenyl group.
The phenyl group is believed to make piracetam better able to cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby increase the potency of its nootropic effects. It appears to have significant higher oral bioavailability and to require a much lower dosage to be effective.
Racetam Research Review
Racetam nootropics are believed to facilitate neurotransmission v mozku, support pathways involved in memory and learning, promote neuron cell health and support processes related to attentional control, koncentrace a uvažování.
Most of the research conducted on racetam compound has involved laboratory animals including mice, potkanů a králíků. Some racetams have been studied more extensively in humans and some have been used clinically for the treatment of medical conditions.
There has been limited research into the effects of phenylpiracetam. Some double-blind placebo-controlled research trials have been conducted, but more study is needed to understand how this compound works.
Scientists have not yet identified the exact mechanisms of action for racetams in the Central Nervous System. They believed to affect cognitive and physical performance mainly by: [4]
- Increasing levels of NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptory;
- Modulating GABA (Kyselina gama - aminomáselná) receptory;
- Stimulating D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptors;
- Binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors;
- Moldulating acetylcholine receptors;
- Modulating glutamate receptors;
Phenylpiracetam specifically is said to have not only cognitive function-enhancing properties, but also anxiolytické (anxiety-reducing), antikonvulzivní (prevents/controls seizures), and neuromodulatory (balances brain chemicals) účinky.
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Phenylpiracetam Effects and Mechanisms
The phenylpiracetam molecule was developed by Russian scientists while attempting to produce a substance that would help cosmonauts remain focused, motivované, and attentive during long periods of isolation in space.
In pharmacological studies, this smart drug has been shown to:
- Increase activation of neuronal receptors in the CNS that are linked to memory;
- Improve thought processes and cognitive function;
- Increases resistance to cold temperatures;
- Helps increase physical stamina;
When compared to Piracetam and Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam is generally considered to be more stimulatory, stronger and better tolerated.
It is said to have greater effects on improving mood and motivation than most other compounds in its class. Users report that it promotes productivity, increased mental alertness, greater ability to focus and increased desire to accomplish goals.
Some bodybuilders and other athletes use phenylpiracetam as a pre-workout supplement to boost their energy, motivace, výdrž, and overall performance.
This drug is banned by the WADA (Světová Antidopingová agentura) because it purportedly can have a stimulatory effect on motor responses. It may also improve physical performance by making the user more resistant to cold temperature extremes.
S-Phenylpiracetam vs. R-Phenylpiracetam
Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images of each other. Also known as an optical isomer, two substances may have the same chemical structure but because of their rotational orientation they may not have the same physiolofical effects.
When you buy phenylpiracetam powder or capsules, it is typically sold in the form of a racemic mixture. That means it has both R and S enantiomers in balanced proportions.
Phenylpiracetam’s nootropic effects are believed to result from its R-enantiomer. But there are some effects which appear to be the result of the S-enantiomer.
Evidence from a 2017 research study in Latvia with obese Zucker rat suggests that the S-enantiomer of phenylpiracetam: [4]
- Lowered hyperglycemia (high blood-glucose levels);
- Is a selective DAT (dopamine transport) inhibitor:
- Significantly reduced body weight and fat mass;
- Does not stimulate 5-HT (serotoninový) receptory;
- Does not stimulate norepinephrine receptors;
- Reduced plasma-leptin concentrations;
- Did not cause locomotor activity;
Na základě těchto zjištění, the Latvian researchers sugges that “selective DAT inhibitors, such as S-phenylpiracetam, could be potentially useful for treating obesity in patients with metabolic syndrome with fewer adverse health consequences compared to other anorectic (reduces appetite) agents.” [4]
More research is needed in large, double-blind placebo-controlled human trials to determine any reliable benefits of phenylpiracetam.
What Are Hydrazides?
V organické chemii, hydrazides are a group of compounds that share certain structural similarities. [5]
All hydrazides contain a nitrogen-to-nitrogen covalent bond and four substituents. Další, at least one of the substituents must be an acetyl group.
Chemists have been exploring different ways to manipulate hydrazine compounds to strengthen their suggested pharmacological activities.
Sigma Aldrich reports that novel hydrazide derivative compounds are being studied for the following properties: [6]
- Hormone antagonist (impedes hormone function);
- Protizánětlivé (Snižuje zarudnutí a otoky);
- Antioxidant (působí proti oxidačnímu stresu);
- Vasodilator (expands blood vessels);
- Analgetikum (reduces pain);
Hydrazides are also being studied for their possible anticonvulsant, Antimikrobiální přísada, protivirové, plísním, protidestičkové, Chladivé mazání, antimycobacterial, antitrypanosomal, and antitumor activities.
Phenylpiracetam hydrazide or fonturacetam hydrazide was first developed in the 1980s by a Russian research group investigating the effects of proposed anticonvulsant drugs. There is very limited research available for this formulation and it is not widely distributed.
Piracetam hydrazide is more widely available, but also lacks significant research. Most of what we know about the effects of these compounds comes from anecdotal user reveiws.
The short-term effects, dlouhodobé účinky, mechanismy účinku, výhody, bezpečnost, vedlejší účinky, interactions and other important information regarding Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide is not yet known.
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Uživatelské recenze
User reviews on the effects of Phenylpiracetam hydrazide provide valuable insight into the experiences of different people after taking this nootropic agent.
Nicméně, user reviews are subjective and can be affected by the placebo effect. The following user reviews are provided to give you an idea of the types of effects reported by other individuals, but you should not rely on this information as evidence of efficacy.
Your experiences may not reflect those described below. If you have used phenylpiracetam hydrazide powder or capsules, prosím podělte se o své recenzi v sekci komentáře níže.
“Our new phenylpiracetam hydrazide is pretty cool. It is a like a more stimulating, but smoother phenyl. I’ve taken anywhere from 50mg to 100mg. I have also mixed it with a lot of things, to make sure it was safe. I even mixed it with ephedrine and caffeine, just to see if there would be any weird issues. I wanted to make sure that if there was going to be a bad reaction, that it would be with me first. So far no issues at all.”
“I tried it twice, it seemed like a less edgy phenylpiracetam, but also less effective at enhancing cognition. I noticed that it drastically increased the perceived intensity of treble when listening to music.”
“Just received my phenylpiracetam hydrazide from ceretropic today and took my first dose of 100mg and immediately felt focused in and ready to go. I overall really liked it and felt it was a bit more powerful then regular phenyl but overall similar feeling to it I think. I know it is very new so it is take at your own risk but curious how others who have received theirs reactions/reviews of it were? Rovněž, was 100mg’s an appropriate dose? Possibly that was high due to increased potency so curious what others having been dosing at as well.”
“ find it to be a different sort of stimulation than regular phenyl; definitely smoother. Nicméně, i found that 50mg produced nearly no effect and i need at least 100mg. but i’ve always needed the upper end of a dose of regular phenyl anyway. úpravy: also found it has much less tendency to give me a headache than regular phenyl, so that is a definite plus.”
“I dosed 125mg sublingually with similar, more pronounced effects as regular phenyl. It has a gentler onset than phenyl and I didn’t notice anything until I caught myself humming and realized I had that familiar “HD vision.” For the price it was worth trying, and I hope the cost comes down to reflect it’s effective value vs phenyl.”
“This is all purely anecdotal, Samozřejmě. It’s definitely noticeably smoother than regular phenylpiracetam. It gives you that “mentální energie” that you expect from the base compound, but it feels more “přírodní” and less invasive, in a way. I’m actually enjoying it a lot more. I took 100mg, and that seems to be a pretty good dose to stick to. The taste is horrible though, it’s like a sour phenylpiracetam.”
“I found it smoother but also considerably weaker than phenylpiracetam. I had trouble pinning down the effects but it seemed to reduce some of the side-effects of the adrafinil I took an hour and a half after the phenylpiracetam hydrazide. Not sure I can justify spending 5x as much for it when the dose required for any effects at all seems to be twice what I need with regular phenyl but it could be useful for certain things, possibly smoothing stimulant side-effects being one of them.”
Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide Dosage
Neexistuje žádný standard dosage guideline available for phenylpiracetam hydrazide usage. It has not been studied in humans to determine any optimal dosing recommendations.
Phenylpiracetam is not an approved drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nicméně, it is sold as a neurological medication in some Eastern European countries.
Pure phenylpiracetam powder is commonly recommended to be taken in doses ranging between 100-600 miligramů (mg) denně. Users say that the hydrazide version is more potent and only requires a dose of 50mg to 100mg to experience effects.
Manufacturers that carry this product such as Ceretropic and Nootropic Source sell it as a bulk powder for research purposes only. Because it is not sold for human consumption, there are no suggested serving sizes or dosages provided with the product.
Phenylpiracetam is slightly fat soluble and does not dissolve in water. It mixes better with lipid-containing liquids like almond milk.
Phenylpiracetam’s half-life is about 6 hodin. The total daily dose is normally broken down into smaller doses taken throughout the day. Some users report that taking it too late in the day causes sleep disturbances through the night.
This racetam is recommended to be taken with a quality source of choline – jako Alpha GPC, Cholin bitartrát, nebo citicolin. This normally prevents acetylcholine headaches from developing.
Phenylpiracetam powder and capsules are commonly used in Nootropic Stacks with L-theanine, Adrafinil prášek, Modafinil pills, Noopept, and various other racetams.
Note that you may require a different dosage to experience positive effects from taking phenylpiracetam hydrazide or other racetam nootropics. These substances cause different effects in different users
Most members of the nootropic community will experiment with different dosages and stacks to determine the right combination for their goals. This process can take time because each substance needs to be experimented with individually to be sure of its effects on the user.
Další, some nootropics take up to a few weeks to begin causing noticeable effects.Some nootropics have no effects at all in some users. In other people, the same compound can cause very potent effects.
It is always recommended to begin using a new nootropic supplement at the low end of its recommended dosing parameters. Consult with a doctor before taking this substance to determine the appropriate usage for your needs.
Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide Safety
Je zde no reliable information available about the safety of short-term or long-term phenylpiracetam hydrazide use.
Phenylpiracetam is considered to be quite safe for most users when taken appropriately, short-term and in cycles. Nicméně, the hydrazide version has not been well-researched.
Many phenylpiracetam users only take it when they have a special task to take care of – like cramming all night for an exam or when on a double shift at work.
Phenylpiracetam should not be used without cycling on and off regularly. Chronic or otherwise improper use of this nootropic can cause:
- Zvýšený krevní tlak;
- Psychomotor agitation;
- Feeling of warmth:
- Zarudnutí kůže;
- Insomnie;
Other adverse effects are possible including changes in mood, bolesti hlavy, podrážděnost, nevolnost, závratě, neklid, hyperaktivity, mlha mozku, sleepiness and more.
If you are considering using this nootropic agent, then it is best to discuss it first with a doctor who understands your health history and current health state.
Buy Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide
Existují very few options to buy phenylpiracetam hydrazide online. One supplier, called Ceretropic, offers 1-gram (g), 2g, 5g, and 10g containers for about $20 US per gram. [7]
The Ceretropic website clearly states that phenylpiracetam hydrazide has not been tested or human safety and that it is only sold for research purposes.
Compared to the standard formulation of this molecule, Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide is approximately five times more expensive. Some users report that the added cost is worth it while others say that there is no added benefit to using this compound.
Doprava zdarma
- Přispěvatelé Wikipedie. "Phenylpiracetam hydrazide." Wikipedie, Otevřená encyklopedie. Wikipedie, Otevřená encyklopedie, 24 Únor. 2018. Web. 3 Duben. 2018
- National Center for Biotechnology informace. Databáze PubChem sloučenina; CID=4995664, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4995664 (accessed Apr. 3, 2018)
- SDFT Staff. PHENYLPIRACETAM | ÚČINKY, USAGE AND DOSAGE GUIDE. Přístup k duben 3, 2018
- Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Vavers E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Liepins V, Kalvinsh jsem, Liepinsh E, Dambrova M. S-phenylpiracetam, selektivní inhibitor DAT, redukuje tělesné hmotnosti bez ovlivnění pohybové aktivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2017 Září;160:21-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.PBB.2017.07.009. EPUB 2017 Červenec 22. Přístup k duben 5, 2018
- Přispěvatelé Wikipedie. "Hydrazide." Wikipedie, Otevřená encyklopedie. Wikipedie, Otevřená encyklopedie, 6 Červenec. 2017. Web. 5 Duben. 2018
- MilliPORE SIGMA Staff. Hydrazides. Přístup k duben 3, 2018
- Ceretropic Staff. PHENYLPIRACETAM HYDRAZIDE POWDER. Přístup k duben 3, 2018
(Zatím žádné hodnocení)Článek naposledy aktualizován: 8. července, 2018 od Nootriment