L-Glutamine is perhaps the most versatile nutritional supplement available today.
This natural compound is used as a nootropic for cognitive enhancement, taken by strength training athletes to support building and maintaining muscle mass, and used by individuals healing from surgery or other illnesses.
Evidence suggests that L-Glutamine boosts the immune system, increases energy levels, helps to control blood sugar, and more.
For those interested in taking L-Glutamine in a nootropic stack, this compound is sometimes called “brain fuel” because it is used to make two of the most important neurotransmitters, glutamic acid and GABA. Both of these neurochemicals are involved in neuronal communication related to thinking, memory, and mood.



- Decreases ammonia from exercise
- Promotes endurance, workout recovery & muscle growth
- Improves glycogen replenishment & HGH levels
What is L-Glutamine?
Related Topics
L-Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids that are the building blocks for all protein in the body.
In human blood, L-Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid. This compound is regarded as a non-essential amino acid, since the body does have the ability to synthesize some L-Glutamine on its own.
However, there are certain situations where it becomes conditionally essential. Good examples of this might be during intensive athletic training or competition, or even in certain gastrointestinal disorders.
When using nootropic supplements that work on your Glutamate or GABA pathways, taking an L-Glutamine supplement may improve your results.
L-Glutamine Effects:
Although the many different mechanisms of activity for this compound are still being investigated, we do know that it delivers Glutamic Acid to the brain. This chemical is one of the chief forms of fuel for your brain cells (the other form is Glucose).
This substance is then able to pick up ammonia molecules throughout the brain and body and convert them into L-Glutamine. If one were to suffer a shortage of Glutamic Acid, this could conceivably lead to brain damage due to an overabundance of ammonia.
Through other processes, this supplement also plays a role in the production of a number of other needed chemicals throughout the body like additional amino acids and even Glucose.
It also helps to regulate the acid-base balance within the kidneys (primarily due to the production of ammonium), transports ammonia throughout the body as needed, and even acts in the roles of carbon and nitrogen donation for a number of anabolic processes such as the citric acid and purines cycles.
L-Glutamine Benefits:
From a cognitive enhancement perspective, L-Glutamine is used in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters Glutamate and GABA. Glutamate is the primary mediator of fast excitatory transmission in the brain and is connected to memory formation, recall and synaptic plasticity.
Increasing Glutamate activity can not only improve memory, but also many fundamental cognitive functions such as reasoning, verbal fluidity, creativity and more. GABA is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter, used to prevent over-excitement of your neurons and over-stimulation of your brain. By increasing GABA activity, you can reduce symptoms of anxiety and stress while improving relaxation, focus and sleep.
As a protein builder, L-Glutamine is important in a number of anabolic processes. In fact, taking this while you are undergoing a period of intense weight training or physical activity will likely result in the more rapid building of new muscle. It does this through increasing nitrogen levels within the cells, helping further protein synthesis. There is also evidence suggesting that L-Glutamine can increase the effectiveness of other supplements you may be taking.
This is also an excellent supplement to use for patients recovering from surgery. This includes traumatic injuries like burns, wounds, and other types of trauma. There is much evidence supporting the healing effects of L-Glutamine.
This supplement does a number of other things as well. For example, it is known to be a general immune booster. This also coincides with the ability to increase energy levels. It also appears to be fairly effective at assisting with blood sugar control.
One of the main reasons for these effects is thought to be the action of L-Glutamine as an anti-oxidant, boosting the production of a number of different anti-oxidants in your cells. In essence it is almost like a ‘master switch’ for controlling the levels and number of these powerful chemicals, helping to rid toxins, poisons, and free radicals from the body.
L-Glutamine may also have potential as a diet aid. It can help block cravings for alcohol as well as sugar. The best way to use the supplement for this purpose is as needed, by taking either a capsule or a ¼ teaspoonful at the onset of both alcohol and sugar cravings has been show to deter these feelings.
L-Glutamine Dosage:
There is a considerable range when we begin to discuss the “proper” dosage of L-Glutamine. In fact, the clinical studies and research tests lead to the conclusion that anything between .5 and 15 grams per day would be safe.
While this is true, it would be irresponsible of anyone to advise such a high dose for someone just starting out. In fact, most experts would suggest staying between the 1 and 5 gram range.
As usual, you always want to start off taking the lowest effective dose of any supplement. This way, you are able to get to know what types of effects and benefits it has for your particular body chemistry. This is very important, especially considering that one of the possible outcomes of this supplement is to help make all (or at least some) of your other supplements become even more effective.
So, start out small, perhaps ½ to 1 gram per day, and then only increase after you become familiar with the effects.
L-Glutamine Side Effects:
While there are not really any known side effects for this supplement, there are a few types of users who might want to avoid L-Glutamine. This includes pregnant and breast feeding women (not enough evidence), those with severe liver disease or difficulty thinking, MSG sensitivity, and those who suffer from mania. Otherwise, this is a supplement that should be very safe and well-tolerated for the majority of healthy adults.
L-Glutamine Review:
L-Glutamine is an excellent all-around supplement that may prove useful as part of a nootropic stack. It is a great source of brain fuel and can ensure your neurotransmitter levels are appropriately balanced. L-Glutamine is highly recommended for those who are engaged in strength training, weight lifting or other similar types of athletic competition.
- Caris AV, Lira FS, de Mello MT, Oyama LM, dos Santos RV. Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nutrition. 2014
- Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014
- Seguy D, Darmaun D, Duhamel A, Thuillier F, Cynober L, Cortot A, Gottrand F, Messing B. Growth hormone enhances fat-free mass and glutamine availability in patients with short-bowel syndrome: an ancillary double-blind, randomized crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014
- Singh N, Mishra SK, Sachdev V, Sharma H, Upadhyay AD, Arora I, Saraya A. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on gut permeability and endotoxemia in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Pancreas. 2014
- Wischmeyer PE, Dhaliwal R, McCall M, Ziegler TR, Heyland DK. Parenteral glutamine supplementation in critical illness: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014
- Mori M, Rooyackers O, Smedberg M, Tjäder I, Norberg A, Wernerman J. Endogenous glutamine production in critically ill patients: the effect of exogenous glutamine supplementation. Crit Care. 2014
- Guo M, Li Y, Li J. Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and enteral nutrition on intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2013
- Pérez-Bárcena J, Marsé P, Zabalegui-Pérez A, Corral E, Herrán-Monge R, Gero-Escapa M, Cervera M, Llompart-Pou JA, Ayestarán I, Raurich JM, Oliver A, Buño A, GarcÃa de Lorenzo A, Frontera G. A randomized trial of intravenous glutamine supplementation in trauma ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 2014
- Mohamed A, Deng X, Khuri FR, Owonikoko TK. Altered glutamine metabolism and therapeutic opportunities for lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2014
- Ramadan S, Lin A, Stanwell P. Glutamate and glutamine: a review of in vivo MRS in the human brain. NMR Biomed. 2013
- Lukey MJ, Wilson KF, Cerione RA. Therapeutic strategies impacting cancer cell glutamine metabolism. Future Med Chem. 2013
- Hensley CT, Wasti AT, DeBerardinis RJ. Glutamine and cancer: cell biology, physiology, and clinical opportunities. J Clin Invest. 2013
- Ruiz-Perez MV, Sanchez-Jimenez F, Alonso FJ, Segura JA, Marquez J, Medina MA. Glutamine, glucose and other fuels for cancer. Curr Pharm Des. 2014
- Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R. Role of glutamine supplementation in critical illness given the results of the REDOXS study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013
- Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE, Cook D, Jones G, Albert M, Elke G, Berger MM, Day AG; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2013
- de Kieviet JF, Vuijk PJ, van den Berg A, Lafeber HN, Oosterlaan J, van Elburg RM. Glutamine effects on brain growth in very preterm children in the first year of life. Clin Nutr. 2014
- Vidal-Casariego A, Calleja-Fernández A, de Urbina-González JJ, Cano-RodrÃguez I, Cordido F, Ballesteros-Pomar MD. Efficacy of glutamine in the prevention of acute radiation enteritis: a randomized controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014
- Rubio I, Suva LJ, Todorova V, Bhattacharyya S, Kaufmann Y, Maners A, Smith M, Klimberg VS. Oral glutamine reduces radiation morbidity in breast conservation surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013
- Al Balushi RM, Cohen J, Banks M, Paratz JD. The clinical role of glutamine supplementation in patients with multiple trauma: a narrative review. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2013
- Sasaki E, Umeda T, Takahashi I, Arata K, Yamamoto Y, Tanabe M, Oyamada K, Hashizume E, Nakaji S. Effect of glutamine supplementation on neutrophil function in male judoists. Luminescence. 2013
- Lin JJ, Chung XJ, Yang CY, Lau HL. A meta-analysis of trials using the intention to treat principle for glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients with burn. Burns. 2013
- Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Shmirev VA, Ponomarev DN, Svyatchenko AV, Deryagin MN, Lomivorotov VN, Karaskov AM. Does glutamine promote benefits for patients with diabetes mellitus scheduled for cardiac surgery? Heart Lung Circ. 2013
- Bollhalder L, Pfeil AM, Tomonaga Y, Schwenkglenks M. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of parenteral glutamine supplementation. Clin Nutr. 2013
- Kim M, Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2013
- de Kieviet JF, Oosterlaan J, Vermeulen RJ, Pouwels PJ, Lafeber HN, van Elburg RM. Effects of glutamine on brain development in very preterm children at school age. Pediatrics. 2012
- Kucuktulu E, Guner A, Kahraman I, Topbas M, Kucuktulu U. The protective effects of glutamine on radiation-induced diarrhea. Support Care Cancer. 2013
- Letellier G, Mok E, Alberti C, De Luca A, Gottrand F, Cuisset JM, Denjean A, Darmaun D, Hankard R. Effect of glutamine on glucose metabolism in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Nutr. 2013
- Holecek M. Side effects of long-term glutamine supplementation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013
- Stachowicz-Stencel T, Synakiewicz A. Glutamine as a supplemental treatment in pediatric and adult oncology patients. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012
- Wagner JV, Moe-Byrne T, Grover Z, McGuire W. Glutamine supplementation for young infants with severe gastrointestinal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012
- Harris RC, Hoffman JR, Allsopp A, Routledge NB. L-glutamine absorption is enhanced after ingestion of L-alanylglutamine compared with the free amino acid or wheat protein. Nutr Res. 2012
- Jukić T, Rojc B, Boben-Bardutzky D, Hafner M, Ihan A. The use of a food supplementation with D-phenylalanine, L-glutamine and L-5-hydroxytriptophan in the alleviation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Coll Antropol. 2011
- Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Shmirev VA, Ponomarev DN, Lomivorotov VN, Karaskov AM. Glutamine is cardioprotective in patients with ischemic heart disease following cardiopulmonary bypass. Heart Surg Forum. 2011
- Shahzad K, Chokshi A, Schulze PC. Supplementation of glutamine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a novel therapeutic intervention targeting metabolic dysfunction and exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2011
- Cavalcante AA, Campelo MW, de Vasconcelos MP, Ferreira CM, Guimarães SB, Garcia JH, de Vasconcelos PR. Enteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to pulmonary infection. Nutrition. 2012
- Rowlands DS, Clarke J, Green JG, Shi X. L-Arginine but not L-glutamine likely increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012
- Benjamin J, Makharia G, Ahuja V, Anand Rajan KD, Kalaivani M, Gupta SD, Joshi YK. Glutamine and whey protein improve intestinal permeability and morphology in patients with Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2012
- Kim H. Glutamine as an immunonutrient. Yonsei Med J. 2011
- Rajagopalan KN, DeBerardinis RJ. Role of glutamine in cancer: therapeutic and imaging implications. J Nucl Med. 2011
- Wernerman J, Kirketeig T, Andersson B, Berthelson H, Ersson A, Friberg H, Guttormsen AB, Hendrikx S, Pettilä V, Rossi P, Sjöberg F, Winsö O; Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Scandinavian glutamine trial: a pragmatic multi-centre randomised clinical trial of intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011
- Samocha-Bonet D, Wong O, Synnott EL, Piyaratna N, Douglas A, Gribble FM, Holst JJ, Chisholm DJ, Greenfield JR. Glutamine reduces postprandial glycemia and augments the glucagon-like peptide-1 response in type 2 diabetes patients. J Nutr. 2011
- Tomlinson C, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz P. Arginine synthesis from enteral glutamine in healthy adults in the fed state. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011
- Liu D, Chen Z. The regulatory effects of glutamine on illness and health. Protein Pept Lett. 2011
- Lu CY, Shih YL, Sun LC, Chuang JF, Ma CJ, Chen FM, Wu DC, Hsieh JS, Wang JY. The inflammatory modulation effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients. Am Surg. 2011
- Grau T, Bonet A, Miñambres E, Piñeiro L, Irles JA, Robles A, Acosta J, Herrero I, Palacios V, Lopez J, Blesa A, MartÃnez P; Metabolism, Nutrition Working Group, SEMICYUC, Spain. The effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2011
- Xi P, Jiang Z, Zheng C, Lin Y, Wu G. Regulation of protein metabolism by glutamine: implications for nutrition and health. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2011
- Awad S, Blackshaw PE, Wright JW, Macdonald IA, Perkins AC, Lobo DN. A randomized crossover study of the effects of glutamine and lipid on the gastric emptying time of a preoperative carbohydrate drink. Clin Nutr. 2011
- Mauras N, Xing D, Fox LA, Englert K, Darmaun D. Effects of glutamine on glycemic control during and after exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Care. 2010
- Wales PW, Nasr A, de Silva N, Yamada J. Human growth hormone and glutamine for patients with short bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010
- Andrews PJ. Selenium and glutamine supplements: where are we heading? A critical care perspective. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010
- Noé JE. L-glutamine use in the treatment and prevention of mucositis and cachexia: a naturopathic perspective. Integr Cancer Ther. 2009
- Kuhn KS, Muscaritoli M, Wischmeyer P, Stehle P. Glutamine as indispensable nutrient in oncology: experimental and clinical evidence. Eur J Nutr. 2010
- Coëffier M, Déchelotte P. Combined infusion of glutamine and arginine: does it make sense? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010
- Agostini F, Biolo G. Effect of physical activity on glutamine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010
- Galera SC, Fechine FV, Teixeira MJ, Coelho ZC, de Vasconcelos RC, de Vasconcelos PR. The safety of oral use of L-glutamine in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Nutrition. 2010
- Shao A, Hathcock JN. Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2008
- Kelly D, Wischmeyer PE. Role of L-glutamine in critical illness: new insights. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003
- Newsholme P. Why is L-glutamine metabolism important to cells of the immune system in health, postinjury, surgery or infection? J Nutr. 2001
- Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev. 1999
- Haub MD, Potteiger JA, Nau KL, Webster MJ, Zebas CJ. Acute L-glutamine ingestion does not improve maximal effort exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1998
- Palmer TE, Griffiths RD, Jones C. Effect of parenteral L-glutamine on muscle in the very severely ill. Nutrition. 1996
- Legault Z, Bagnall N, Kimmerly DS. The Influence of Oral L-Glutamine Supplementation on Muscle Strength Recovery and Soreness Following Unilateral Knee Extension Eccentric Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015
- Petry ÉR, Cruzat VF, Heck TG, Homem de Bittencourt PI Jr, Tirapegui J. L-glutamine supplementations enhance liver glutamine-glutathione axis and heat shock factor-1 expression in endurance-exercise trained rats. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015
- McCormack WP, Hoffman JR, Pruna GJ, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Fukuda DH. Effects of l-Alanyl-l-Glutamine Ingestion on One-Hour Run Performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015
- Rowlands DS, Clarke J, Green JG, Shi X. L-Arginine but not L-glutamine likely increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012
- Rahmani Nia F, Farzaneh E, Damirchi A, Shamsi Majlan A. Effect of L-glutamine supplementation on electromyographic activity of the quadriceps muscle injured by eccentric exercise. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013
- Pruna GJ, Hoffman JR, McCormack WP, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Bohner JD, La Monica MB, Wells AJ, Stout JR, Fragala MS, Fukuda DH. Effect of acute L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine and electrolyte ingestion on cognitive function and reaction time following endurance exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014
- Koo GH, Woo J, Kang S, Shin KO. Effects of Supplementation with BCAA and L-glutamine on Blood Fatigue Factors and Cytokines in Juvenile Athletes Submitted to Maximal Intensity Rowing Performance. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014
- Petry ER, Cruzat VF, Heck TG, Leite JS, Homem de Bittencourt PI Jr, Tirapegui J. Alanyl-glutamine and glutamine plus alanine supplements improve skeletal redox status in trained rats: involvement of heat shock protein pathways. Life Sci. 2014
- Wasinski F, Gregnani MF, Ornellas FH, Bacurau AV, Câmara NO, Araujo RC, Bacurau RF. Lymphocyte glucose and glutamine metabolism as targets of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of exercise. Mediators Inflamm. 2014
- Zuhl MN, Lanphere KR, Kravitz L, Mermier CM, Schneider S, Dokladny K, Moseley PL. Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal permeability and tight junction protein expression. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014
- Naclerio F, Larumbe-Zabala E, Cooper R, Allgrove J, Earnest CP. A multi-ingredient containing carbohydrate, proteins L-glutamine and L-carnitine attenuates fatigue perception with no effect on performance, muscle damage or immunity in soccer players. PLoS One. 2015
- Salomão EM, Gomes-Marcondes MC. Light aerobic physical exercise in combination with leucine and/or glutamine-rich diet can improve the body composition and muscle protein metabolism in young tumor-bearing rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2012
- Zuhl M, Dokladny K, Mermier C, Schneider S, Salgado R, Moseley P. The effects of acute oral glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal permeability and heat shock protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2015
- Rahmani-Nia F, Farzaneh E, Damirchi A, Majlan AS, Tadibi V. Surface Electromyography Assessments of the Vastus medialis and Rectus femoris Muscles and Creatine Kinase after Eccentric Contraction Following Glutamine Supplementation. Asian J Sports Med. 2014
- Maddock RJ, Casazza GA, Buonocore MH, Tanase C. Vigorous exercise increases brain lactate and Glx (glutamate+glutamine): a dynamic 1H-MRS study. Neuroimage. 2011
- Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise. Cell Biochem Funct. 2010
- Cruzat VF, Krause M, Newsholme P. Amino acid supplementation and impact on immune function in the context of exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014
- Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Kelly N, Gonzalez AM, Stec M, Anderson S, Bailey BL, Yamamoto LM, Hom LL, Kupchak BR, Faigenbaum AD, Maresh CM. Examination of the efficacy of acute L-alanyl-L-glutamine ingestion during hydration stress in endurance exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010
- Dong J, Chen P, Liu Q, Wang R, Xiao W, Zhang Y. Reverse effects of DPI administration combined with glutamine supplementation on function of rat neutrophils induced by overtraining. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013
- Shahzad K, Chokshi A, Schulze PC. Supplementation of glutamine and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a novel therapeutic intervention targeting metabolic dysfunction and exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2011
- Cruzat VF, Tirapegui J. Effects of oral supplementation with glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione status in trained rats and subjected to long-duration exercise. Nutrition. 2009
- Marwood S, Jack S, Patel M, Walker P, Bowtell J, Calverley P. No effect of glutamine ingestion on indices of oxidative metabolism in stable COPD. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011
- Haub MD, Potteiger JA, Nau KL, Webster MJ, Zebas CJ. Acute L-glutamine ingestion does not improve maximal effort exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1998
- Duarte-Rojo A, Torres-Vega MA, Villamil-RamÃrez H, Estradas J, DomÃnguez-López A, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Orea-Tejeda A, Castillo-MartÃnez L, Miliar-GarcÃa A, MacÃas-RodrÃguez RU, Torre A. Changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells glutamine synthetase mRNA after exercise in healthy volunteers: exploring an alternative proposal for non hepatic ammonia metabolism. Rev Invest Clin. 2012
- Shewchuk LD, Baracos VE, Field CJ. Dietary L-glutamine supplementation reduces the growth of the Morris Hepatoma 7777 in exercise-trained and sedentary rats. J Nutr. 1997
- Gunzer W, Konrad M, Pail E. Exercise-induced immunodepression in endurance athletes and nutritional intervention with carbohydrate, protein and fat-what is possible, what is not? Nutrients. 2012
- Ferreira EB, Ceddia RB, Curi R, Alonso MI, Lopes G, Bazotte RB. Swimming-exercise increases the capacity of perfused rat liver to produce urea from ammonia and L-glutamine. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1998
- Shewchuk LD, Baracos VE, Field CJ. Dietary L-glutamine does not improve lymphocyte metabolism or function in exercise-trained rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997
- Nelson AR, Jackson L, Clarke J, Stellingwerff T, Broadbent S, Rowlands DS. Effect of post-exercise protein-leucine feeding on neutrophil function, immunomodulatory plasma metabolites and cortisol during a 6-day block of intense cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013
- Wang W, Choi RH, Solares GJ, Tseng HM, Ding Z, Kim K, Ivy JL. L-Alanylglutamine inhibits signaling proteins that activate protein degradation, but does not affect proteins that activate protein synthesis after an acute resistance exercise. Amino Acids. 2015
- Joo E, Yamane S, Hamasaki A, Harada N, Matsunaga T, Muraoka A, Suzuki K, Nasteska D, Fukushima T, Hayashi T, Tsuji H, Shide K, Tsuda K, Inagaki N. Enteral supplement enriched with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide attenuates experimental colitis in mice. Nutrition. 2013
- da Silveira CL, de Souza TS, Batista GR, de Araújo AT, da Silva JC, de Sousa Mdo S, Marta C, Garrido ND. Is long term creatine and glutamine supplementation effective in enhancing physical performance of military police officers? J Hum Kinet. 2014
- dos Santos RV, Caperuto EC, de Mello MT, Costa Rosa LF. Effect of exercise on glutamine metabolism in macrophages of trained rats. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009
- Khorshidi-Hosseini M, Nakhostin-Roohi B. Effect of glutamine and maltodextrin acute supplementation on anaerobic power. Asian J Sports Med. 2013
- dos Santos RV, Caperuto EC, de Mello MT, Batista ML Jr, Rosa LF. Effect of exercise on glutamine synthesis and transport in skeletal muscle from rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009
- Gleeson M. Dosing and efficacy of glutamine supplementation in human exercise and sport training. J Nutr. 2008
- Agostini F, Biolo G. Effect of physical activity on glutamine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010
- Rogero MM, Tirapegui J, Pedrosa RG, Castro IA, Pires IS. Effect of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on plasma and tissue glutamine concentrations in rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. Nutrition. 2006
- Ladd FV, Ladd AA, Ribeiro AA, Costa SB, Coutinho BP, Feitosa GA, de Andrade GM, de Castro-Costa CM, Magalhães CE, Castro IC, Oliveira BB, Guerrant RL, Lima AA, Oriá RB. Zinc and glutamine improve brain development in suckling mice subjected to early postnatal malnutrition. Nutrition. 2010
- Marwood S, Bowtell J. No effect of glutamine supplementation and hyperoxia on oxidative metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci. 2008
- Williams BD, Chinkes DL, Wolfe RR. Alanine and glutamine kinetics at rest and during exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998
- Hiscock N, Petersen EW, Krzywkowski K, Boza J, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK. Glutamine supplementation further enhances exercise-induced plasma IL-6. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003
Article last updated on: March 13th, 2018 by Nootriment
1 Comment
not seen any major difference