Bee Propolis Supplement Uses, Benefits, Dosages & Side Effects

Propolis is a resin made by bees that is used in the construction and maintenance of bee hives. It is used to seal small cracks and thereby keep invaders and the elements out.

Bee propolis has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine, dating back to 350 BC.

Ancient Greeks, Egyptians, and Assyrians used it for abscesses, mummification, and tumor/wound healing respectively. [1]

Propolis is used today for various bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; canker sores; upper respiratory tract infections; common cold; cold sores; and genital herpes.

This article will discuss what propolis is, common uses, health benefits, available supplements, how it is taken, safety, side effects, and possible drug interactions.

Propolis

Nutrient Supplement

Skin Health

Anti-Aging

Immunity

How It Works:

• Traditionally used for longevity & immune health
• May exhibit antioxidant effects
• Shown to have antimicrobial effects

Dosage:

Between 500 - 1500 mg per day

Safety:

Rated Possibly Safe

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What Is Propolis?

Propolis is a nutrient-rich resin that bees make from the digested bark and buds of conifer and poplar trees, sap flows, and other plant-based sources. [2]

The word propolis stems from the Greek words for “before” (pro) and “city” (polis).

Some other names for propolis include Bee Glue, Bee Propolis, Hive Dross, Propolis Balsam, Propolis Cera, Propolis Resin, Propolis Wax, and Russian Penicillin.

Do not confuse bee propolis with Honey, Royal Jelly, Beeswax, or Apitherapy.

Propolis is used to seal cracks in the entrance of the beehive for protection purposes. This sticky substance is also used to line the walls of beehives so that the structure maintains an internal temperature of 35 Celsius (95 F).

Like honey, bee propolis will vary in chemical composition from one location to another depending on the plants and trees of the area. For instance, propolis from Spain will not be the same as that harvested from Canada.

Although this compound is usually dark brown in color, it can also be yellow, green, or red depending on the plant substances it was made from.

Propolis is made up of more than 300 different constituents. It is a flavonoid-rich resin that includes various amino acids, coumarins, phenolic aldehydes, polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, and sterols.[3]

It contains roughly 50% resins, 30% wax, 10% oil, and 5% pollen. Various other organic compounds make up the final 5%.

Uses for Propolis

The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD) reports that propolis is used orally (by mouth) for:

• Bacterial and fungal infections
• Canker sores
• Common cold
• HIV/AIDS
• Infection and infestation in the intestines
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (head/neck cancer)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Swine flu
• Tuberculosis
• Upper respiratory tract infections [2]

This natural medicine has been used topically for cleaning wounds, as a mouthwash for oral mucositis, and to promote healing after oral surgery.

It is also used topically for genital herpes, cold sores, vaginitis, minor burns, and oropharyngeal candidiasis (Candida infections in mouth or throat).

Propolis is also included in numerous cosmetics, ointments, creams, lozenges, and chewing gum products.

While it has a wide range of uses in traditional medicine, many of its purported uses have not been well-researched. There is some evidence of beneficial effects on health, but it has not been approved by the FDA as a drug for the prevention or treatment of any medical conditions.

How Propolis Works in the Body

In a 2017 comprehensive review of the biological actions and health benefits of propolis supplements, Malaysian researchers reported the following mechanisms of activity:

• Antibacterial (works against pathogenic bacteria)
• Anticancer (suppresses carcinogenesis)
• Anti-inflammatory (reduces redness and swelling)
• Antimycotic (works against pathogenic fungi)
• Antioxidant (works against oxidative stress)
• Antiseptic (prevents growth of disease-causing microbes)
• Antiulcer (works against ulcers in stomach and small intestine)
• Immunomodulatory (modifies immune system function) [1]

According to the NCMD, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral effects have been observed in in vitro (cultured cell) studies. Radioprotective (protects against radiation) and wound healing effects have also been observed in animal models.

What is known about how propolis works has been largely researched in in vitro and animal studies.

Effects have been studied very little in human trials, and more clinical research is necessary to determine the therapeutic efficacy for purported benefits.

Antibacterial Effects

Propolis contains various flavonoids that have antibacterial effects. For instance, the pinocembrin and galangin constituents inhibit the enzymatic activity and growth of a bacterium called Streptococcus mutans which can cause dental cavities.

Propolis also contains pinobanksin and pinobanksin-3-acetate. Both of these compounds have been found in in vitro studies to combat the growth of various periodontal disease-causing bacteria species including:

• Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans
• Fusobacterium nucleatum
• Prevotella intermedia
• Porphyromonasgingivalis [2]

Antifungal Effects

In-vitro studies have shown propolis extract to have activities against some types of fungi including various Candida, Rhodotorula, and Trichosporon species.

Candida is a yeast-like fungus that can cause various health disorders if its levels in the body become too high. Some symptoms of Candida overgrowth include oral thrush, fatigue, recurrent UTIs, genital infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and joint pain.

Antiviral Effects

Evidence from some cell studies suggests that propolis has antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. HSV1 is the type of herpes that causes cold sores while HSV2 is the strain that causes genital herpes infections in humans.

NMCD rates propolis as Possibly Effective against Herpes labialis (cold sores). A 3% ointment applied to the lesions five times daily when symptoms first occur may reduce cold sore pain and reduce the duration by 3-4 days compared to a placebo.

Two products that contain this ingredient are Herstat and ColdSore-FX by Afexa. These products also significantly improve the healing of recurrent genital lesions associated with HSV2.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

There is some preliminary evidence from a study using mouse peritoneal macrophage cells that suggests anti-inflammatory activity.

Propolis might be able to decrease the production of some compounds that are linked to inflammation, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It may do so by suppressing activity in the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Antioxidant Effects

Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs naturally in the body when molecules combine with oxygen. Free radicals are reactive oxygen compounds that are produced from oxidation.

While oxidation and the production of free radicals is a natural process, too much of this activity and free radical production can be harmful. Free radicals can damage the body’s cells and DNA, which can lead to various diseases and ages the body.

Antioxidants are compounds that can reduce the production and/or remove free radicals from the body. Propolis has been shown to have free radical-scavenging properties as an antioxidant.

The NMCD states, “It has also been suggested that the potential antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of propolis may be due to the action of phenylpropanoid constituents.” [2]

Other research is exploring if this supplement can be used as a natural preservative to protect foods from oxidation damage and spoilage.

Antiplatelet Effects

In vitro research shows that caffeic acid phenethyl esters (CAPE) in propolis markedly inhibit collagen-stimulated aggregation of blood platelets.

It is hypothesized that because of its CAPE content, this product may affect various pathways that inhibit platelet aggregation.

Radioprotective Effects

In animal research, propolis has been observed to have radioprotective effects, meaning it protects against radiation. These effects are believed to be due to its antioxidant free radical-scavenging abilities.

In vitro research suggests that it may protect DNA against damage from gamma radiation. A decrease in radiation-induced chromosome mutations has been seen when doses of propolis are administered.

Wound Healing Effects

In one animal research study, propolis was seen to have some wound healing effects. A 10% hydro-alcoholic solution containing this ingredient was tested against a 10% hydro-alcoholic solution alone.

It was observed that topical application of the propolis containing solution resulted in accelerated skin cell repair of the cutaneous wounds (skin wounds) caused by tooth extraction.

However, there was no effect on tooth socket wounds. This shows a need for continued research to determine the efficacy of this extract for different types of wound healing.

Propolis Health Benefits

In traditional medicine, this substance was believed to strengthen the body, relieve consumptive thirst, reduce toxicity and resolve swelling.

It was also purported to eliminate body fat and to promote tissue regeneration when applied topically to the skin.

According to TCM, Propolis or Feng Jiao is a bitter, pungent, cold substance that enters the spleen and stomach meridians. It was given by herbal medicine practitioners to treat premature senility, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and skin problems including burns and scalding.

While this substance is revered in alternative medicine practices, it has received little research attention until recently. The effects of this substance are not yet well understood.

The mechanisms of action described above have only been seen in in vitro and preliminary animal studies so far. More research is needed to better understand how propolis works inside the human body.

According to a 2017 comprehensive research review, “Propolis has been reported to have various health benefits related to gastrointestinal disorders, gynecological and oral health, oncological treatment, and dermatological problems.” [1]

Propolis has been studied in some animal studies and some preliminary clinical (human) research for these purposes with promising results. More research is still needed though to determine the therapeutic efficacy of propolis for these uses.

At this time, the FDA has not approved propolis as a drug to prevent or treat any medical conditions. It is sold as a dietary supplement and cannot be marketed as improving health problems.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Propolis is reported to have antiparasitic properties that may have effects on various gastrointestinal infections that can result in abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and nausea.

For instance, Giardia duodenalis is a microscopic parasite that is found in the fecal matter of animals infected by it. Humans can contract giardiasis from encountering soil, water, or food that has been contaminated with this pathogenic microbe.

A trophozoite is one growing stage of some protozoan parasites including Giardia duodenalis. In this stage of life, the organism is absorbing nutrients from its host.

The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database reports, “In an in vitro study, an ethanolic extract of propolis was shown to inhibit growth and adherence of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Propolis also promoted the detachment of trophozoites.” [2]

In a clinical study with 48 children and 90 adults, all with giardiasis, propolis had a cure rate of 52-60% relative to a 40% cure rate of a conventional antibacterial/antiparasitic medication called tinidazole. [4]

In a 2015 study on mice published in Pharmacology & Pharmacy, anti-inflammatory, antacid, and antihistaminergic effects of propolis were attributed with improving gastric ulcerations caused by H-pylori infection. [5]

More large-scale human trials are still needed to understand how this supplement might affect gastrointestinal disorders in human subjects.

Propolis for Skin Health

Propolis is a common ingredient in ointments, creams, and other products marketed for improving skin health. It is increasingly being used in cosmetic formulations to promote skin health.

Its use in these products is based on its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergy effects that have been observed in in vitro studies.

Propolis is reported to promote collagen production. Collagen is the body’s main structural protein. It is found largely in tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, and connective tissues throughout the body.

According to the NMCD, “Propolis also shows positive collagen metabolism in the wound during the healing process by increasing the collagen content of tissues.” [2]

One study showed that using a topical ointment containing this substance as an alternative therapy can help to promote wound closure and speed up wound healing. This was demonstrated in cases of DFU (diabetic foot ulcer). [6]

Tanta University in Egypt conducted a clinical study that showed propolis has high efficacy for treating acne vulgaris. [7]

More research in humans is still needed to determine the full effects of propolis on various skin conditions.

Gynecological Health

Propolis may support a healthy urogenital tract and protect against certain types of vaginal infections.

Vaginitis is a condition marked by vaginal inflammation that commonly causes pain, discharge, and itching. It can be caused by bacterial imbalance, some skin disorders, or natural estrogen reduction after menopause.

The three most common types of vaginitis are:

• A parasitic infection spread during sexual intercourse called Trichomoniasis
• Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) caused by overgrowth of certain vaginal bacteria
• Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus

Vaginitis of all types is marked by depleted levels of beneficial bacteria called Lactobacillus, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms, and an elevated vaginal pH.

The University of Vienna conducted a small human study with 54 patients with recurrent vaginitis. All 54 women had already received at least one course of antibiotic treatment for their conditions.

Their treatment in the study consisted of using a 5% propolis aqueous solution as a vaginal douche once daily for 2 weeks. Vaginal smears were performed on all patients at baseline and upon completion of the study.

The results of this study included:

• 87% of the patients reported improvement of at least one of their symptoms
• Improved well-being was reported in 66.7% (36) patients
• Vaginal smear results improved in 75.9% (41) of the patients [11]

In 6-month follow-up phone interviews, 61.1% (33) of the women said they were still happy with their vaginitis improvements and had not sought further treatment.

The researchers from the study concluded that propolis might be useful as an alternative treatment for chronic vaginal infections, especially for those who cannot use conventional antibiotic therapy or have not had it work well in the past.

More research is required to confirm the findings of this initial study.

Oral Care

Bacteria are abundant in the mouth and overgrowth of some strains can cause oral disease. Some studies have shown that propolis can inhibit the development of bacterial plaque and the growth of pathogenic bacteria that can cause periodontal disease.

The antibacterial properties of propolis solutions have been shown to “selectively lower cytotoxic action” on fibroblasts cells in human gums compared to an antiseptic/antibacterial medicine called Chlorhexidine. [1]

Mouthwashes and toothpaste made with propolis are used for reducing pathogenic microflora that can cause gingivitis and periodontitis. Propolis extracts and solutions have also been used for halitosis and to disinfect toothbrushes.

Clinical research needs to be done to determine the therapeutic efficacy of this substance for oral health in humans.

Propolis for Cancer

Propolis has shown antineoplastic effects in human cancer cell studies. An antineoplastic agent is one that acts to suppress or inhibit the growth of a neoplasm (tumor).

Some of the CAPE constituents of propolis are thought to have cancer-preventive effects. For instance, the flavonolgalangin has been shown to induce natural cell death (apoptosis) in one study on melanoma cells. [8]

In a different cell study, Chinese propolis extract induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines.

Researchers from that study stated, “It also exhibits low or no toxicity towards normal cells due to its selectively toxic properties against tumor cells and is believed that propolis may become a prominent agent to treat breast cancer.” [9]

In a different in-vitro study, Turkish propolis extract exerted selective cytotoxic action against human lung cancer cells. It did so by:

• Inducing apoptosis
• Inducing caspase activity
• Inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress
• Reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential [10]

In vitro research suggests that the antineoplastic effects of propolis may depend on its geographic origin, and therefore its color. Red and brown propolis have been shown to have higher cytotoxic potentials than green or yellow propolis.

While evidence from several in-vitro studies on human cancer cells suggest that this supplement may have anti-cancer effects, more study is still needed. No clinical research has yet been done on the use of this substance for cancer in humans.

How to Use Propolis Supplements

Propolis comes in a variety of formats including capsules, tinctures, aqueous solutions, toothpastes, mouthwashes, lotions, creams, ointments, lip glosses, cosmetics, and others. [2]

Propolis is not a medicine and you do not need a prescription to buy it. It is legal to purchase, use, and possess as a dietary supplement and personal hygiene product.

There is no well-known standardization for propolis supplements. The chemical composition and therapeutic activity of this extract can depend on the geographical source.

Be aware that some products may be contaminated with beehive by-products. Sometimes other contaminants or fillers may be present as well. If possible look for bee propolis supplements certified to be contaminant-free.

Dosages will vary based on the format used, the purpose of use, and personal physiology. Some dosages that have been used in research include:

• Canker sores: 500 mg orally daily for 6-13 months
• Warts: 500 mg orally for up to 3 months
• Cold sores: 5% ointment topically, five times daily
• Oral mucositis: 5ml of 30% propolis mouth rinse for 60 secs, 3 times/day for 7 days

According to Healthline one study reports that 70 milligrams daily is a common recommendation for general use.

Read the dosing instructions on any specific propolis product you may purchase and use them accordingly. It is always recommended to speak with your doctor before starting any new supplements to determine an appropriate dosage for your needs. [12]

Safety & Side Effects

The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database has rated propolis as Possibly Safe when used orally or topically and appropriately.

There is insufficient reliable information about safety during pregnancy or while breastfeeding and therefore it is recommended to avoid using.

Propolis is generally well tolerated in most people, although it can cause allergic reactions. Some people have reported oral mucositis from propolis lozenges, and contact dermatitis (skin irritation/rash) similar to eczema when using topical products.

People with allergies to bees or bee products may be more likely to have allergic reactions than other people. It is recommended to not use this supplement if you have an allergy to honey, Royal Jelly, or other bee products.

People with asthma and eczema are should also be cautious about using propolis, as it is believed that certain chemicals in the compound could exacerbate these conditions. Speak with your doctor about use in these cases.

Dr. Edward Group II states, “While many people can safely use propolis as a complementary approach toward health, some may experience allergic reactions. It is always best to test a small amount of the mixture in conjunction with careful physician monitoring before supplementing, especially if you have allergies.” [13]

Drug & Supplement Interactions

According to Medline, propolis might increase bleeding time and inhibit blood clotting. It should be used cautiously with antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.

Taking propolis with substances that slow blood clotting may increase risks for bruising or bleeding. [14]

Some common drugs used to reduce blood clotting include Plavix (clopidogrel), Fragmin (dalteparin), Lovenox (enoxaparin), Ticlid (ticlopidine), Coumadin (warfarin), heparin, and aspirin.

Some herbs that can reduce blood clotting include ginseng, garlic, ginger, clove, danshen, angelica, and ginkgo.

Propolis is not known to interact with any foods or lab tests but may exacerbate symptoms in some health disorders.

To avoid increased risk of excessive bleeding during a scheduled surgery, discontinue using this product at least 2 weeks prior to the procedure.

It is recommended that you ask your doctor before beginning to use propolis supplements, especially if you have allergies, asthma, or a bleeding disorder.

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