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Referan is a Nootropic drug which is more commonly referred to as Aniracetam.
It was developed during the 1970’s by the Hoffmann-La Roche company after the original Nootropic drug, Piracetam, in an effort to improve upon the effects.
Referan is both a Racetam and also as an Ampakine. It also exhibits anxiolytic effects.
It is thought to enhance neurotansmission at both Acetylcholine and Glutamate neural receptors. Referan also exhibits effects on the dopaminergic system in the brain.
Referan is manufactured in Greece by Iasis Pharma S. A. Each tablet provides 750 mg of Aniracetam. This medication may be prescribed for the treatment of cognitive deficits and memory impairment associated with aging, Alzheimer’s Disease, cerebrovascular disease, Dementia, or stroke.
Aniracetam is also used off-label as a nootropic cognitive enhancer or smart drug. It is purported to have benefits for memory, attention, mood, alertness and for social behavior. Buy Aniracetam online at this link.
Motivation
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Mood- Heightens focus & motivation
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Referan Effects:
Related Topics
- What is Aniracetam?
- User Reviews
- Effects and Benefits
- Aniracetam for Anxiety
- Dosage Suggestions
- Using Aniracetam Powder
- Best Way to Take
- Side Effects
- Aniracetam for Sale
- Buyer's Guide
- Is Aniracetam Legal?
- Stacking with Piracetam
- Stacking with Choline
- Comparison to Piracetam
- Comparison to Oxiracetam
- Comparison to Pramiracetam
- Comparison to Noopept
What are the uses of this nootropic drug and what kind of benefits do users report?
Aniracetam is a fat soluble compound (which is why it is best to take it with food) that has a chemical structure similar to other Racetams. Slight modifications have made it approximately 5 times more potent than its predecessor, Piracetam.
Additionally, it is metabolized at a much faster rate, meaning that it is very fast acting and its effects tend to be much more noticeable right from when you start using it.
Referan is used as a memory boosting supplement and it is also used to improve your mood and ability to focus. It is considered to be one of the more powerful Nootropics supplements available.
There are a number of mechanisms of action that have been identified for Referan, and many of them are still not fully understood, even after having studied this compound for decades.
It is known that aniracetam is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and entering into the central nervous system.
This also happens very fast, so most users will feel the effects within 30 minutes of taking this nootropic.
The primary methods in which Referan works is by binding itself to the receptor sites of several neurotransmitters. Two of the most important are Acetylcholine and AMPA receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter Glutamate.
As this occurs, the breakdown of these powerful brain chemicals is slowed down significantly, which results in higher levels of these neurotransmitters within the brain.
As the levels of these neurotransmitters are increased within the brain, this also helps the neurons to better communicate with one another.
Both of these neurotransmitters facilitate this process of communication. They are also thought to increase the overall plasticity of your brain which helps the neurons to form new synapses, or connections.
The cognitive benefits promised by this nootropic supplement are believed to result from increased neurotransmission in the brain, leading to better memory recall and storage.
- Improves memory and learning
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Referan Benefits:
The neurotransmitters Acetylcholine and Glutamate are both intimately involved with a number of cognitive processes within the brain.
While using this supplement, users report increased memory retention, heightened learning capacity, and a faster speed of memory recall. Note that these findings are based on anecdotal reviews as there is limited research available documenting the effects of this nootropic in healthy volunteers.
Referan works to increase the sensitivity of Acetylcholine receptors located in the hippocampus area of the brain which are believed to help in the process of memory formation.
Processing information and performing calculations will also become easier while using this supplement. This is also due to the increased Glutamate activity, especially in the cerebral cortex. This could mean that the typical user will find themselves having improved mental fluidity.
In other words, it will require less actual effort to perform tasks that had previously required a fair amount of thought and concentration like studying or learning new skills. You will also find it much easier to access previously learned information and be able to recall very specific facts and details during your daily activities.
Many users also find that their overall speed of cognition increases, sometimes significantly.
Referan has also been found to reduce anxiety, agitation and depression in some individuals. This is particularly applicable to shyness and social anxiety.
In addition to the previously mentioned effects, this nootropic supplement also affects the brain chemicals Serotonin and Dopamine, both of which are associated with improved mood and overall sense of well-being.
Referan Research Review:
Referan is prescribed in Europe for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease as a memory booster.
This drug has also been used clinically in Japan for the treatment of symptoms after a stroke. It was prescribed for eight years for the treatment of emotional disturbances including anxiety, agitation and depression following cerebral infarction.
However, it has since been withdrawn from the market because inconclusive results were reported in one double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Referan has been studied clinically for its effects on memory, behavior, attention, cognition, anxiety, depression, impulsiveness, fear, hyperactivity, vigilance, arousal and general brain function.
It has been studied for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, cerebral ischemia, vertigo, cognitive dysfunction related to cerebrovascular degeneration, and general memory impairment.
There is limited research available about the effects of Referan in healthy adults. While it has been observed to improve cognitive function in those with a deficit, less is known about how it affects cognition and memory in people who do not have pre-existing medical conditions.
One study did examine the effects of this nootropic as well as Piracetam on healthy adults. However, these adults were given an agent to induce memory loss and cognitive impairment.
In this research study, Aniracetam was observed to reduce the amnesiac effects of scopolamine in healthy volunteers. Scopolamine is a cholinergic antagonist, meaning that it blocks activation of acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
It is commonly used as a model for memory loss and cognitive impairment. In this study, 26 healthy volunteers were given 0.7 mg of scopolamine subcutaneously on seven different occasions, with a minimum of one week between administrations
After the scopolamine was administered, Aniracetam or Piracetam was given at different dosages including mg intravenously, 100 mg intravenously, 200 mg intravenously, 1500 mg orally and 2400 mg of Piracetam orally.
A battery of tests was administered before giving scopolamine, 60 minutes after the dosage, 120 minutes after and 200 minutes after. Scopolamine was found to cause significant decrements in memory and information processing tasks.
Those given 1500 mg of Aniracetam orally were found to have significantly better memory and information processing scores after taking their dosage. The other treatments also produced statistically significant results, but were less conclusive.
This suggests that 1500 mg of Aniracetam does exhibit nootropic effects and is able to combat the negative effects of cholinergic-blocking drugs like Scopolamine.
Aniracetam has also been studied in animal models of clinical disorders and symptoms including personality disorders, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), autism, symptoms of schizophrenia, sleep disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This means that it hasn’t been studied directly for these conditions, but has been studied in animals on metrics that are used to model or gauge its potential therapeutic efficacy for these applications.
While these animal models cannot be used to guarantee or measure clinical efficacy, they do serve as preliminary results upon which clinical trials can be designed. According to a research review published in CNS Drug Reveiws, “It is conceivable, however, that clinical trials will demonstrate beneficial effects of aniracetam in the above listed disease states.”
Referan Dosage:
The generally accepted daily dosage range is between 750 and 2,000 mg taken up to three times per day.
Referan tablets come in a dosage of 750 mg per pill. It is also possible to buy bulk generic Aniracetam powder, which may be cheaper and allow for greater flexibility in your dosages.
It is important to split your dose up into several administrations in order to combat the short half life of this supplement.
You also will want to take this on a full stomach; after eating is better than before or even during a meal. This helps with proper absorption since it is fat-soluble and will minimize the potential gastrointestinal side effects of the drug.
You may also want to consider using this supplement as part of a cycle in order to guard against the potential of developing tolerance. Ideally, Referan (Aniracetam) should be used with a Choline source like Alpha GPC or Citicoline to amplify the positive effects on mental performance.
In order for cholinergic nootropics like the Racetams to function properly, they need to be administered along with precursors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. If there is insufficient acetylcholine available in the brain, it may lead to headaches or other negative effects like brain fog and fatigue.
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Referan Side Effects:
Referan is considered to be non-toxic and is well tolerated by healthy adults. In research studies, it has not been observed to cause serious negative effects.
Referan does not cause liver enzymes to increase and is not believed to have negative effects on hepatic function. The LD50 for this drug is many, many times greater than the standard dosage used.
While there is some concern for developing tolerance, this is fairly rare and normally will only occur with very high doses.
There are a few side effects associated with this supplement including headache, nausea, insomnia, and gastrointestinal issues. Most of these are mild.
If you develop serious side effects, the best idea would be to discontinue use and seek medical attention as soon as possible.
In most cases, adverse effects can be minimized by using this cognitive enhancer at an appropriate dosage or by stacking it with some form of choline sources, such as CDP Choline or Alpha GPC.
Referan Review:
Referan, or Aniracetam, is becoming more well-known all the time and is poised to soon cross over into the mainstream of health supplements and smart drugs. There are some positive benefits associated with it in terms of cognition and mental processing.
Referan is also reported by users to alleviate negative thoughts and put you in a better mood while also making it easier to focus. This makes it an ideal study pill or productivity booster.
This nootropic has a low risk of side effects and may have benefits for brain health and synaptic plasticity.
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- Lawrence JJ, Brenowitz S, Trussell LO. The mechanism of action of aniracetam at synaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors: indirect and direct effects on desensitization. Mol Pharmacol. 2003
- Bartolini L, Casamenti F, Pepeu G. Aniracetam restores object recognition impaired by age, scopolamine, and nucleus basalis lesions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996
- Katsunuma H, Shimizu T, Ogawa K, Kubo H, Ishida H, Yoshihama A. Treatment of insomnia by concomitant therapy with Zopiclone and Aniracetam in patients with cerebral infarction, cerebroatrophy, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998
- Isaacson JS, Nicoll RA. Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991
- Somnier FE, Ostergaard MS, Boysen G, Bruhn P, Mikkelsen BO. Aniracetam tested in chronic psychosyndrome after long-term exposure to organic solvents. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study with neuropsychological tests. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1990
- Xiao P, Staubli U, Kessler M, Lynch G. Selective effects of aniracetam across receptor types and forms of synaptic facilitation in hippocampus. Hippocampus. 1991
Article last updated on: March 13th, 2018 by Nootriment