S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Supplement Benefits, Uses, Mechanisms & Effects on Depression

S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine or SAM-e is a molecule used in the body as a cosubstrate for a variety of important physiological processes.

It is a naturally produced compound found in nearly all body fluids and tissues, particularly in the liver.

The body needs S-Adenosylmethionine for maintaining adequate immune system functioning, supporting cell membrane health and manufacturing dopamine, melatonin and serotonin and other brain chemicals that regulate well-being.

Research shows that taking this compound in supplement form can promote positive mood balance, joint health, liver function and improve cartilage.

We make SAM-e from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the amino acid methionine. Because it works in conjunction with vitamin B9 (folate) and vitamin B12, a deficiency in either may reduce SAM-e levels in the body.

Humans cannot gain SAM-e from eating certain foods as it does not exist in dietary sources. To increase levels of this compound, S-Adenosylmethionine supplements must be used or foods that contain methionine must be consumed. [2]

SAMe

Mood Supplement

Mood

Cognitive Health

Joint Function

How It Works:

• Enhances mood & promotes cognitive health
• Essentual for dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine metabolism
• Promotes joint comfort & liver health

Dosage:

Between 400 - 1600 mg per day

Safety:

Rated Likely Safe

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S-Adenosylmethionine Uses

This supplement has a wide range of uses and purported health benefits, primarily because of its diverse effects in the human body. SAM-e plays a role in a large number of bodily functions and processes.

S-Adenosylmethionine can be synthesized from the alpha-amino acid methionine and adenosine triphosphate. However, in some cases levels of this compound may fall too low in the body. Aging, health status and genetic factors can lead to low levels.

In the body, it is actively involved with biological methylation reactions. Its role as a methyl group donor means it is included in the metabolism and production of neurotransmitters. In addition, researchers think SAM-e may have potential epigenetic effects that afford further investigation. [1]

This endogenous chemical is also used to promote anti-aging benefits, support immune function, help with liver problems, low energy levels and fibromyalgia. Over 40 clinical studies have examined the effects of S-Adenosylmethionine for different medical conditions and disorders.

One of the common uses of this supplement is to improve joint comfort and mobility in with arthritis. It is involved in the synthesis of glucosamine and helps maintain healthy cartilage and joint mobility.

To investigate the efficacy of SAM-e for relieving osteoarthritis knee pain, researchers gave subjects diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the knee SAM-e and Celebrex, a commonly prescribed pain medication for arthritis.

After several months, results showed that although SAM-e had a “slower onset of action (pain relief), it was just as effective as Celebrex in managing symptoms of knee OA”. The natural dietary supplement also exhibited a lower risk of side effects.

Authors of the study conclude by stating that longer studies were needed to evaluate the optimal dose of SAM-e and its long-term effectiveness. [4]

Some research suggests this supplement may promote immune function and help to protect against certain diseases. Preliminary in vitro studies suggest that it may have anti-cancer effects.

A laboratory study involved treating colon cancer cells and gastric cancer cells with SAM-e. The researcher found that the compound inhibited cancer cell growth better than it inhibited normal cell growth.

Researchers concluded the report by stating that “SAM-e may effectively inhibit tumor cells growth by reversing DNA hypomethylation, i.e., promoting gene expression to reduce expression of genes carrying cancer markers”. [3]

Effects on Depression

One of the most common reasons for taking S-Adenosylmethionine oral tablets is to promote a healthy emotional state and reduce feelings of stress. Research shows that this supplement may have benefits for relieving depression and boosting mood.

A clinical study gave one set of depressed subjects oral SAM-e and another group imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant. In addition, they compared this group to depressed subjects who were given intramuscular injections of SAM-e and imipramine.

Although the results of the imipramine and SAM-e treatment showed little difference between the two for relieving depression, the patients given the natural supplement experienced “significantly fewer adverse affects” than those taking imipramine.

The researchers concluded that the effects of 1600 mg oral S-Adenosylmethionine doses and 400 mg intramuscular injections were comparable with 150 mg of imipramine. They also noted that “SAM-e was much better tolerated than imipramine”. [5]

Another investigation into the efficacy of this supplement for depression involved subjects diagnosed with treatment-resistance depressive disorder.

Outpatients suffering major depressive episodes who did not respond to eight weeks of treatment were given 800 mg of SAM-e per day for eight weeks in conjunction with their existing medications.

According to authors of the study, the findings indicated that “SAM-e augmentation may be well tolerated and effective for treating Stage II treatment-resistance depressive disorder”. [6]

The antidepressant properties of this compound were investigated in another study comparing its efficacy in relieving depression against imipramine. Patients diagnosed with major depression experienced decreased symptoms of depression.

The researchers found that “oral SAM-e is a safe and effective antidepressant with a rapid onset of action and negligible side effects” and may be “useful for people who cannot tolerate side effects of traditional antidepressants”. [7]

Negative Side Effects

S-adenosylmethionine is safe as a dietary supplement under most circumstances. However, some people do experience adverse effects and this product may not be recommended for everyone.

Commonly reported side effects of SAM-e tablets include: [8]

• Headache
• Lightheadedness
• Feeling nervous or anxious
• Nausea/vomiting
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Insomnia
• Increased sweating

Gastrointestinal side effects are possible if consuming this supplement with food. It is recommended to take it on an empty stomach at least 30 minutes before a meal and to drink plenty of water.

Although most studies with SAM-e are short-term, one study investigating the effects in patients with alcohol-related liver disease last for two years. During that time, subjects did not report any serious side effects from taking SAM-e for 24 months. [9]

Some people may exhibit sensitivity or allergic reactions. Skin flushing, heart palpitations, dizziness and problems concentrating could be signs of a reaction to SAM-e.

In addition, SAM-e has been associated with moderate mood changes in people who have not been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. [10]

Drug Interactions

Always consult with a doctor before taking this supplement if you are using one or more of the following medications:

Antidepressants: SAM-e may increase the intensity of side effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as anxiety, irregular heart rate, nausea/vomiting, dry mouth and insomnia.

Diabetic medications: Since SAM-e is known to interfere with blood sugar levels, people taking diabetic medications could increase their risk of experiencing low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

Levodopa (L-dopa): SAM-e may reduce the ability of L-dopa to reduce symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

How to Take SAM-E Tablets

According to the Mayo Clinic, SAM-e is “likely safe when taken orally in doses of 400 to 600 mg per day for two years”. Doses of 800 to 1600 mg per day may be taken for up to 42 days or as directed by a physician.

This supplement is sometimes sold in the form of an enteric coated capsule. These capsules are designed to have better protection from stomach acids and higher bioavailability.

More clinical research information is needed to fully evaluate the safety of SAM-e on pregnant women, children and the elderly. [11]

Before using oral S-adenosylmethionine tablets to address a specific health goal, consult with a doctor to determine whether this supplement is appropriate for you.

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